商务实战应用文写法精讲：合同与协议的区别-1
在国际贸易中，商务谈判成功后，都会双方签合同和协议是必须的。而合同和协议里面各自都有不一样的条款， 各自的要求也不一样，那么关于它们都各自有哪些要求呢?以下是小编给大家整理的商务实战应用文写法精讲：合同与协议的区别-1，希望可以帮到大家
结构特点
合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务，是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文慎密而准确，历史悠久，深含法律文化底蕴。 ，
中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所，然后是合同正文，结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头：
this agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month)， _______ (year) by and between party a (hereinafter called " party a ")and party b(hereinafter called " party b ")
然后是开始陈述：
where… it is hereby agreed as follows：
或以：
witnesseth， whereas…
now therefore， for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein， the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows：
接着是正文，最后是证明部分：
in witness whereof，the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written.
随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的。
下面列出新加坡、美国、香港和日本的合同格式。
a. 新加坡
agreement
this agreement is made the 9th day of august， 2001 between lucky international ltd， a company incorporated in singapore and having its registered office at telek blongar rise， singapore 19569 (hereinfater called "the company") of the part and jack wong (nric no._________ /a) of 108 orchar road， singapore 01688 (hereinafter called "the mangager") of the other part.
whereas：
1. the company is engaged in it business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business.
2.
…。
now it is hereby agreed as follows：
1. the company shall employ the manager and the manager shall serve the company as manager of the company's it business for a period of two years commencing on 1st day of september
2.
…。
in witness whereof， the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.
the schedule above referred to
duties of manger
1. to manage， maintain and promote the business of the company.
3.
signed by roger tan
for and on behalf of lucky interantional ltd
in the presence of
signed by teresa wong
in the presence of
新加坡的通用合同分五部分：
第一部分：称为parties， 主要介绍合同各方的姓名或名称，注册地国及地址、邮编及各自在合同的简称。开头框架一般为：
this agreement is made the ——__________ day of _____ (month)，____ (year) between a _______ (hereinafter called "the company") of the part and b______， (hereinafter called "the manager") of the other part.
句子开头this agreement
或contract和当事人的姓名和名称，都应大写。当事人是自然人的，用“of”和其后的住址相连;是法人或非法人单位的，用“having its registered office at”和其后注册地址相连。
第二部分：称为recital.以whereas开头，进入叙述部分，用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的原因。
第三部分：称为habendum，正文。具体约定当事人的权利和义务。正文部分的结束段为：
in witness whereof， the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. ，
这段作用相当于中文合同的“双方签字盖章，特此为证”。
第四部分：称为schedule或addendum，附录。是对前述合同部分条款的必要补充。不是所有合同都有这一项。
第五部分：称为attestation，证明部分。当事人如果自然人，用“signed by __” 英文写作翻译;连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分“in the presence of ____”;当事人是法人或非法人单位时，授权代表后接的是“signed for and on behalf _____ of____”，然后才是in the presence of _______.与中文合同的显著不同是签章处除当事人外，多了一个in the presence of _______供证人签字之处。另一不同的是合同订立日期没有放在合同最后，而是出现在开头段的当事人介绍部分。
第五部分在新加坡还有另一种表达“as witness our hands this _____day of _____，in the year of our lord tow thousand and one.
signed， sealed， and delivered by the above named
in the presence of
signature
address
occupation
上述合同的格式很有代表性，其它英文格式与之相比大同大异，有的合同中不含附录。
b. 美国 ，
appointment as contract full-time senior customs administrator
an agreement for services made the 1st day of september， 2000 between ______ of _____ (address)(hereinafter referred to as "the company") as one part and mr._______ of _______(address) (hereinafter referred to as the contractor) of the other part.
whereby
c. 香港
contract
contact no.
signing date/place
the buyer： name
legal address
contact
the seller： name
legal address
contact
this contract is made by and between the buyer and the seller.
whereby the buyer agrees o buy and the seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions.
1. name of commodity and scope of the contract
2. price
3. payment译
4. packing
5.
in withness whereof， this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written.
the buyer the seller
___________ ___________
by：__________ by：__________
date：——_________ date：——_________
the end user
___________
by： __________
date： ——____-_________
比起前两个合同，该买卖合同的不同之处于在于，合同开头出现了合同编号和签署日期，当事人名称或姓名采用简单列举式。证明部分用完成时被动态，最后落款处signed
by项目，但增加了最终用户一项。
d. 日本
service agreement
this agreement is made and entered into on march 1st ，2001， by and between______ ltd (hereinafter referred to as "party a")， and ________co.， ltd. ((hereinafter referred to as "party b")
witnessth：
whereas， party b has requested by party a to dispatch its personal for the purpose of _______ to party b; and
whereas， (party a is willing to dispatch its personnel t party b in response to such party b's request)
now， therefore， in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained ， the parties hereto agree as follows：
1.
2.
3.
in witness whereof， the parties hereto have caused this agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first herinabove written.
______ ltd. ________ co.， ltd.
(signature) (signature)
managing director managing director
该合同也由四大部分构成，与上述合同最大的不同在于，在叙述部分上端加了一个witnesseth(鉴于)，最后落款处也没有signed by 项目，但授权签字代表的职位真接打出来，放在签字的下一行。别外，当事人的简称部分用的都是大写。
相比之下，英文合同除个别地方外，整个合同的段落排列，句式和用词大同小异。在草拟英文合同时，只要仿用上述任何一个，都算是地道的英文表达。
用词特点(formal term)
合同英语的用词极其考究，具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、准确(accurate)。具体体现在下列方面：
1. may， shall， must ，may not (或shall not) 的使用 ，may， shall ， must ，may not (或shall not)对学过英语的人再熟悉不过，但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约见定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当，可能会引起纠纷。
may 旨在约定当事人的权利(可以做什么)，shall约定当事人的义务(应当做什么时候)， must 用于强制性义务(必须做什么)，may not (或shall not)用于禁止性义务(不得做什么)。may do 不能说成can do， shall do， 不能说成should do 或ought to do， may not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not，但绝不能用can not do或must not ) 例如，在约定解决争议的途径时的，可以说
the parties hereto shall， first of all， settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations.
should such negotiations fail， such dispute may be referred to the people's court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.
本句中的shall 和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商，所以采用了义务性“约定”，如果协商解决不了，作为当事人的权利，用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall调换位置会怎么样? 前半句的shall换用may后，意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决，意思上说得过去，但后半句的may换用shall 后，变成了应当诉讼解决，好象一出事，就要先见官，这就有些不友好了。
本句可译：双方首先应通过友好协商，解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果，合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协方的，可将争议提交有管辖权的人民解决。
2. 正式用语(formal term)
合同英语有着严肃的风格，与其它英语作品有很大不同。
例如：
“因为”的短语多用“by virtue of "，远远多于”due to“一般不用”because of “;
“财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”，而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”;
“在……之前”一般用“prior to”，而不用“before”;
“关于”常用“as regards”， “concerning”或“relating to”，而不会用“about”;
“事实上”用“in effect”，而不用“in fact”;
“开始”用“commencement”，而不用“start”或“begin”;
“停止做”用“cease to do”，而不用“stop to do”;
“何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为：the meeting shall be convened and presided by sb.
其中“召开”不用“hold 或call”，而用“convene”; “主持”不用“chair”或“be in charge of ”，而用“preside”;
“其他事项”用“miscellaneous”， 而不用“other matters/events”;
“理解合同”用“construe a contract” 或“comprehend a contract”，而不用“understand a contract”;
“认为”用“deem”，用“consider”少，不用“think”或“believe”;
“愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desire to do”，而不用“want to do”， “wish to do”。